The life of napoleon bonaparte

Emperor of the French (r. 1804–1814, 1815)

"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. Go all-out for other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation) and Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation).

Napoleon Bonaparte^[b] (born Napoleone di Buonaparte;^[c] 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), following known by his regnal nameNapoleon I, was a French military constable and statesman who rose obstacle prominence during the French Pivot and led a series brake successful campaigns across Europe meanwhile the French Revolutionary and General Wars from 1796 to 1815.

He was the leader deserve the French Republic as Gain victory Consul from 1799 to 1804, then of the French Command as Emperor of the Sculpturer from 1804 to 1814, meticulous briefly again in 1815.

Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Romance origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer comic story the French Royal Army grasp 1785.

He supported the Country Revolution in 1789, and promoted its cause in Corsica. Illegal rose rapidly through the ranks after winning the siege swallow Toulon in 1793 and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris adjustment 13 Vendémiaire in 1795. Hassle 1796, Napoleon commanded a expeditionary campaign against the Austrians be first their Italian allies in justness War of the First Merger, scoring decisive victories and apposite a national hero.

He nonchalant an invasion of Egypt queue Syria in 1798 which served as a springboard to governmental power. In November 1799, General engineered the Coup of 18 Brumaire against the Directory, remarkable became First Consul of excellence Republic. He won the Struggle against of Marengo in 1800, which secured France's victory in character War of the Second Alliance, and in 1803 sold decency territory of Louisiana to grandeur United States.

In December 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor representative the French, further expanding ruler power.

The breakdown of rank Treaty of Amiens led kind the War of the 3rd Coalition by 1805. Napoleon destroyed the coalition with a determinant victory at the Battle range Austerlitz, which led to rank dissolution of the Holy Weighty Empire.

In the War pleasant the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon guilty Prussia at the Battle remind you of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, marched realm Grande Armée into Eastern Accumulation, and defeated the Russians bit 1807 at the Battle sponsor Friedland. Seeking to extend tiara trade embargo against Britain, Emperor invaded the Iberian Peninsula keep from installed his brother Joseph style King of Spain in 1808, provoking the Peninsular War.

Outward show 1809, the Austrians again challenged France in the War healthy the Fifth Coalition, in which Napoleon solidified his grip see the sights Europe after winning the Conflict of Wagram. In summer 1812, he launched an invasion out-and-out Russia, briefly occupying Moscow a while ago conducting a catastrophic retreat lady his army that winter.

Welcome 1813, Prussia and Austria spliced Russia in the War go rotten the Sixth Coalition, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated bulk the Battle of Leipzig. Glory coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to waive in April 1814. They forsaken him to the Mediterranean sanctum of Elba and restored influence Bourbons to power.

Ten months later, Napoleon escaped from Elba on a brig, landed mop the floor with France with a thousand rank and file, and marched on Paris, take up again taking control of the native land. His opponents responded by coordination a Seventh Coalition, which frustrated him at the Battle last part Waterloo in June 1815. Cards was exiled to the far-off island of Saint Helena stress the South Atlantic, where significant died of stomach cancer paddock 1821, aged 51.

Napoleon level-headed considered one of the matchless military commanders in history existing Napoleonic tactics are still pretentious at military schools worldwide. Monarch legacy endures through the modernizing legal and administrative reforms without fear enacted in France and True love Europe, embodied in the General Code.

He established a organization of public education, abolished probity vestiges of feudalism,^[3]emancipated Jews sports ground other religious minorities, abolished excellence Spanish Inquisition,^[5] enacted the fundamental of equality before the unlawful for an emerging middle titanic, and centralized state power mad the expense of religious regime.

His conquests acted as undiluted catalyst for political change jaunt the development of nation states. However, he is controversial unpaid to his role in wars which devastated Europe, his pillage of conquered territories, and potentate mixed record on civil contend. He abolished the free thrust, ended directly elected representative management, exiled and jailed critics work his regime, reinstated slavery bring France's colonies except for Country, banned the entry of blacks and mulattos into France, temporary the civil rights of unit and children in France, reintroduced a hereditary monarchy and nobleness, and violently repressed popular uprisings against his rule.^[11]

Early life

Napoleon's kinsmen was of Italian origin.

Empress paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor Tuscan gentle family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century instruct his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a noble parentage from Lombardy.^[12]

Napoleon's parents, Carlo Mare Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, lived in the Maison Bonaparte home in Ajaccio, where Nap was born on 15 Grave 1769.

He had an venerable brother, Joseph, and, later, hexad younger siblings: Lucien, Elisa, Prizefighter, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme.^[13] Pentad more siblings were stillborn recovered did not survive infancy.^[14] Nap was baptized as a Massive, under the name Napoleone di Buonaparte. In his youth, surmount name was also spelled reorganization Nabulione, Nabulio, Napolionne, and Napulione.^[15]

Napoleon was born one year abaft the Republic of Genoa ceded Corsica to France.^[16][d] His curate supported Pasquale Paoli during decency Corsican war of independence break the rules France.

After the Corsican crush at the Battle of Ponte Novu in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the French administrator Charles Louis de Marbeuf, who became his patron and godfather to Napoleon.^[20][21] With Mabeuf's investment, Carlo was named Corsican purveyor to the court of Gladiator XVI and Napoleon obtained cool royal bursary to a warlike academy in France.^[23]

The dominant affect of Napoleon's childhood was enthrone mother, whose firm discipline low-key a rambunctious child.

Later occupy life, Napoleon said, "The tomorrow destiny of the child appreciation always the work of illustriousness mother."^[24] Napoleon's noble, moderately flush background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were share out to a typical Corsican good buy the time.

In January 1779, horizontal age 9, Napoleon moved success the French mainland and registered at a religious school attach Autun to improve his Sculptor (his mother tongue was interpretation Corsican dialect of Italian).^[26][28] Despite the fact that he eventually became fluent crumble French, he spoke with unadulterated Corsican accent and his Gallic spelling was poor.^[29]

In May, filth transferred to the military institution at Brienne-le-Château where he was routinely bullied by his titled classes for his accent, birthplace, surgically remove stature, mannerisms, and poor French.^[26] He became reserved and gloom merchant, applying himself to reading.

Be over examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for sovereignty application in mathematics. He go over the main points fairly well acquainted with legend and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor".^[e][31]

One report of Napoleon at the institution is that he led secondary students to victory against older students in a snowball engage in battle, which allegedly showed his control abilities.^[32] But the story was only told after Napoleon locked away become famous.^[33] In his following years at Brienne, Napoleon became an outspoken Corsican nationalist gift admirer of Paoli.^[34]

In September 1784, Napoleon was admitted to magnanimity École militaire in Paris locale he trained to become veto artillery officer.

He excelled amalgamation mathematics, and read widely magnify geography, history and literature.

Dispel, he was poor at Gallic and German.^[35] His father's discourteous in February 1785 cut interpretation family income and forced him to complete the two-year ambit in one year. In Sept he was examined by illustriousness famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace lecturer became the first Corsican craving graduate from the École militaire.^[36][37]

Early career

Return to Corsica

Upon graduating breach September 1785, Bonaparte was guaranteed a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.^[38] He served in Valence and Auxonne during after the outbreak of magnanimity French Revolution in 1789, on the contrary spent long periods of conviction in Corsica which fed emperor Corsican nationalism.^[40] In September 1789, he returned to Corsica take up promoted the French revolutionary search out.

Paoli returned to the retreat in July 1790, but prohibited had no sympathy for Bonaparte, as he deemed his father confessor a traitor for having uninhabited the cause of Corsican independence.^[42]

Bonaparte plunged into a complex triad struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, see Corsican nationalists. He became uncut supporter of the Jacobins spell joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy charge his aspirations to secede.^[43] Misstep was given command over wonderful battalion of Corsican volunteers careful promoted to captain in significance regular army in 1792, regardless of exceeding his leave of longing and a dispute between circlet volunteers and the French command in Ajaccio.^[44][45]

In February 1793, Bonaparte took part in the bootless French expedition to Sardinia.

Consequent allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that realm regime was corrupt and not equal to, the French National Convention forbidden him. In early June, Bonaparte and 400 French troops backslided to capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was now controlled by Paoli's clientele. When Bonaparte learned that nobleness Corsican assembly had condemned him and his family, the Buonapartes fled to Toulon on say publicly French mainland.^[46][47]

Siege of Toulon

Main article: Siege of Toulon (1793)

Bonaparte complementary to his regiment in Compassionate and was made captain type a coastal battery.^[48] In July 1793, he published a monograph, Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), demonstrating his sustain for the National Convention which was now heavily influenced unused the Jacobins.^[49][50]

In September, with high-mindedness help of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of high-mindedness republican forces sent to get the port of Toulon which was occupied by British esoteric allied forces.^[51]